The Epistolary Form Of Writing - 1926 Words

The epistle in its most basic form is simply a letter, with the epistolary form in the Eighteenth Century being a published letter often from one writer to another. This mode of writing was extremely popular in the Eighteenth Century, taking on different contexts for different purposes. An epistle can be a complex genre of writing. The Epistle can be a collection of poems, a satirical essay, a response to an author’s works or a raging sparring of words. Although quite constraining in format, an epistle addressed to someone, be it explicit or not can capture the minds of many. The epistle is notably an ancient form of writing, originating in Egypt as early as 1292 BC. However, the scholars of Ancient Greece and Rome made the formulae of†¦show more content†¦Horace’s work does indeed showcase his view of literary culture of that time, highlighting the change that is occurring and setting rules and boundaries of writing poetry. From Ancient Greece to Eighteenth Century England the epistle’s importance still remains. With the Ancients vs Moderns argument being in full effect, this added leverage to the use of the epistle in satire, reproducing the epistolary form as â€Å"Greats† before them had also used. The difference between Modern thinkers were in stark contrast to the Neo-Classical thinkers of the time. The Neo-Classical Aesthetic embodied a group of attitudes towards art and human existence. That of order, logic, restraint, accuracy, decorum and correctness was favoured over the Renaissance thinkers that believed imagination, invention, experimentation and mysticism was more important to feature in Literature. The Augustan Age in which Pope, being a central poetic figure at that time had the most famous and well recognised modern epistles written both by him and also aimed at him. Criticism was increasingly popular in the 18th Century, with enjoyment coming from both the original text and the opinions and responses to the text by others. Of course, Pope perceived some criticism as incorrect and a personal attack on his own being rather than input on his actual body of work. These attacks, however, motivate Alexander Pope further, giving him more materialShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein and the Epistolary Novel Form1386 Words   |  6 PagesQ: â€Å"Examine the effect of the epistolary form of writing throughout the novel Frankenstein. Do you think the epistolary novel form of writing are an effective form of telling the story? How does the epistolary form affect plot development and character development?† Mary Shelly, the author of the novel Frankenstein, writes Frankenstein in epistolary form which is an effective way of integrating the reader into the story, introducing writer bias [character development], and furthering the theme ofRead MoreSocial Issues In American Literature972 Words   |  4 Pagesarose in creating a new society. These issues include questioning the idea of an American identity, equal rights for citizens, enlightenment, and social entrapment. These three authors present these issues using different forms of writing ranging from personal narratives, to epistolary letters. These works of American literature provide an analysis of how the new world was being formed, and are responsible for influenceing American literature and American culture as a whole. Hector St JohnRead MoreThe Novel The Expedition Of Humphry Clinker By Tobias Smollett1700 Words   |  7 PagesThe epistolary novel, a novel that is written entirely in the form of letters, first gained traction in the early 18th century. Two epistolary novels that encapsulated this style very well were Dangerous Liaisons and Evelina. The similarities are also not solely in terms of writing style. Both of these authors use the letters that their characters write as a method of deception to obtain what they truly desire, even if it does not appear as such. Despite the divide that separates them in genre,Read MoreThe Fire Next Time By James Baldwin869 Words   |  4 Pagesstyle and structure of the book borrows largely from â€Å"The Fire Next Time† by James Baldwin which has an epistolary structure and an elliptical style. At a glance, the texts seems like they were not meant for the general public as the tone of book insinuates privacy and intimacy. However, this is not the case. As a matter of fact the appearance of privacy is deceptive and he uses the letter form to give him a larger scope to illustrate the emotional complexity of black life in America. Some parts ofRead MoreEpistolary Novels and Mimetic Devices1256 Words   |  5 PagesCHAPTER FIVE: Epistolary Novels And Mimetic Devices We have seen how the use of mimetic devices contributed to Still Alice and Turn of Mind. In Chapter FIVE I explore the possibility of using Facebook, (a twenty first century mode of communication), as a mimetic device to augment conventional prose fiction. In this chapter I want to show how mimetic devices such as letters, bank statements and reports have already been used in epistolary fiction so that I can consider their use as models for myRead MoreGreek And Roman Literature.an Epistolary Poem Essay1793 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: Epistolary poems are one of the ancient forms in literature which could be traced in Greek and Roman literature.An epistolary poem is written in a form of letter addressed to an individual or to a society. The term epistleis derived from the Latin term Epistula which means a letter. Poets present their poems in the form of letters appealing to emotions and feelings. Epistolary poems may be objective or subjective, formal or colloquial, directed to an individual or to a general publicRead MoreThe Paper Is Centered On The Discussion Of The New Testament1657 Words   |  7 Pagesnot just who the author is, but to whom is the author speaking too? The letter or epistle, what unique style shows that the author is original or a pseudo author writing in the same style as the original author. Any similarities of the writing style and content and or context will also identify the author. The main style of writing that will be discussed, can be classified as the Hellenistic style that was prevalent during the time of Christ. This style consisted of three main structures, OpeningRead MoreEssay on Race and Class in Alice Walkers Color Purple1622 Words   |  7 PagesNettie. This discovery not only signals the introduction of a new narrator to this epistolary novel but also begins the transformation of Celie from writer to reader. Indeed, the passage in which Celie struggles to puzzle out the markings on her first envelope from Nettie provides a concrete illustration of both Celies particular horizon of interpretation and Walkers chosen approach to the epistolary form: Saturday morning Shug put Nettie letter in my lap. Little fat queen of England stampsRead More The Colour Purple and The Yellow Wallpaper1666 Words   |  7 Pagesnarrative, Walker uses the epistolary style of writing, giving authority to the voice of Celie and enabling the reader to accept her as having real presence and experience. In her opening letter to God, it is obvious she has no self-confidence, crossing herself out with a line through ‘I am’ (p.3 TCP). Because her mother is so ill, Celie becomes a sexual commodity for her Pa, epitomising a male dominated society, where women accepted patriarchy. This epistolary style of writing was popular in theRead MoreOscar Wildes Criticalism : Literary Criticism1526 Words   |  7 PagesWhat does it mean to be a critic? According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a true definition of criticism would be â€Å"the scholarly investigation of literary or historical texts to determine their origin or intended form† and yet this seems to be a too analytical approach to literary criticism, a genre which generally requires you to question, at the very least, your initial, emotional engagement to a text. In the extracts from Longinus and Wilde, there is evidence that the purpose of criticism

We Must Stop Child Abuse and Neglect Essay - 961 Words

Child abuse is one of the most tragic problems in America today. Each year, over three million American children are beaten, neglected, or sexually abused by their parents or guardians. Infants only a few days old as well as teenagers are subject to child abuse. There are four types of child abuse: physical abuse, physical neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse. Child abuse is a serious problem that plagues Americas youth and must be stopped. Physical abuse is one form of child abuse. According to social agencies, beatings of children have multiplied over the past twenty years. Physical abuse is any abuse that is harmful to the child. This kind of abuse includes the physical discipline which results in observable injuries†¦show more content†¦Inadequate supervision is dependent upon the childs age, developmental level, willingness to stay alone, time of day, awareness of what to do in case of an emergency, whether the child is responsible for watching younger brothers and/or sisters, whether the child had any physical or mental limitations that would make it difficult or impossible for the child to care for himself/herself, and/or any other applicable circumstances. Some signs of neglect are obvious in children and others are not. A sign of neglect is that the child/children have repeated injuries that are not properly treated or adequately explained. Another sign of neglect is that the child/children begin acting in unusual ways ranging from disruptive and aggressive to passive and withdrawn. Their sleep is disturbed (nightmares, bedwetting, fear of sleeping alone). They lose all of their appetite or they overeat. There is a sudden drop in school grades or participation in school or after school activities. They may act in stylized ways, such as sexual behavior that is not normal for their age group. Sexual abuse is defined as acts of sexual harassment and sexual exploitation of minors. Sexual abuse encompasses a broad range of behavior and may consist of many acts over a long period of time or a single incident. The nature of sexual abuse, the shame of the child victim, and the possibleShow MoreRelatedsymptoms of abuse998 Words   |  4 PagesWithin the definition of safeguarding is also child protection. Protecting the child is very serious responsibility and it means that we must ensure that the child is not a victim of abuse. We can distinguish different kinds of abuse: physical, emotional, sexual abuse or neglect. To notice abused child the practitioner must know possible signs and symptoms visible to eyes or particular patterns of behavior that can be results of abuse. 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Abuse and maltreatment of children have similar faces that may go unknown, silent or unseen. Is child abuse different from the today that n the past, which caused an increase of this type of abuse? Many children are unprotected form physical, sexual or emotional abuse, and by parents and friends. Is the problem with the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act that was passed to protect all children from abuse not been enforced? The way the worldRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Data System1521 Words   |  7 PagesChild abuse is far too common. When the neighbors, teachers and social workers turn their heads to the physical and ps ychological indicators, abuse can become fatal. Like most crimes, this will not evaporate exclusively due to knowledge magnitude on this subject but with the education we can provide on this matter, we can work to building a path to better protect our children. Child abuse that leads to the murder of an innocent child is something that can be prevented. In this presentation you willRead MoreAbuse and Heredity1429 Words   |  6 PagesAbuse and Heredity Research question: Is child abuse hereditary? There are many types of abuse such as alcohol abuse, drug abuse, domestic abuse just to name a few but of all the types of abuse there is one type of abuse that is probably one of the easiest to pass down and that is child abuse. Child abuse is easy to pass down because we look to what we know when were not certain what to do. The term for passing down child abuse is known as intergenerational abuse. There are four methods of childRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1488 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' In addressing child abuse we are confronted with a series of problems. On the one hand, there is a lack of the true extent of the phenomenon because no data are available and that the issue, often refers to the most intimate spaces of family life. Furthermore, cultural and historical traditions affect the way each society faces this problem. 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Ergonomics Free Essays

The aim of this study is to investigate the isometric strength or MVC (maximum voluntary contraction) by measuring grip strength, arm strength, leg strength, torso strength and key pinch strength. So that each participant’s strength percentile values in the population for each strength category can be calculated and human biomechanical capabilities and relative variability in human capabilities can be understood by comparing the data collected. Also the effects of the factors, like grip span, wrist posture or using the dominant side, on each of the strength categories can be examined. We will write a custom essay sample on Ergonomics or any similar topic only for you Order Now . INTRODUCTION Isometric strength is the force that a muscle group can exert without movement. Maximum Isometric strength is the maximum force that a muscle group can exert without movement. It is also called MVC (maximum voluntary contraction). Some of the widely used isometric strengths are: arm strength, shoulder strength, composite (leg) strength, back (torso) strength, grip strength and pinch strength. All of the strength categories are measured for the subjects excluding for the ones having health problems about their waist. These measurements are done by using Caldwell Protocol, which says that after a build-up time of about 2 seconds, the subject is required to maintain a steady state maximal exertion for at least 3 seconds and this (average) level is taken as the subject’s strength score. So that we can say that, in general, the isometric strength measurement procedure requires individuals to build-up their muscular exertion slowly over a 4-6 seconds period, without jerking, and maintain the peak exertion for about 3 seconds. This peak exertion (3 sec average) is the isometric strength of the individual. No external motivation should be provided. A break of at least 30 seconds should be provided between successive exertions if only a few measurements are to be made. It is necessary to increase the rest duration to 2 minutes if about 15 measurements are to be made in one test session. This additional rest is necessary to recover from fatigue generated due to the isometric exertion (Mital and Kumar, 1998). While measuring the strength categories, the effects of some factors like elbow angle, wrist posture, grip span and using dominant or non-dominant side are observed. The orientation of the arm influences human isometric strength exertion capability. As the arm orientation changes the mechanical advantage also changes, resulting in weaker or stronger strength exertions. Also the wrist orientation is critical in generating isometric torques with non-powered hand tools. Approximately 70% more torque is exerted when wrenches are in the horizontal position than when they are in vertical positions (Mital and Kumar, 1998). Therefore, by using some statistical techniques like ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), the significance of the factors that are mentioned before is tested. . OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study is to investigate the isometric strength or MVC (maximum voluntary contraction) by measuring grip strength, arm strength, leg strength, torso strength and key pinch strength. So that each participant’s strength percentile values in the population for each strength category can be calculated and human biomechanical capabilities and re lative variability in human capabilities can be understood by comparing the data collected. Also the effects of the factors, like grip span, wrist posture or using the dominant side, on each of the strength categories can be examined. 4. METHODS The experimental task consisted of performing isometric handgrip, pinch grip and lifting contractions for the combinations of the levels of wrist posture, grip-span and by using the dominant or non-dominant side in a standing posture. The equipments used are handgrip dynamometer, pinch grip dynamometer and lift platform. Our lab group conducting this study consists of two female and a male student, which are all right-handed and served as subjects. While measuring the grip strength the combinations of neutral wrist posture with the 5 grip-span settings, vary from 33mm to 85mm, are used. For the 2nd setting the combinations with the wrist flexion and wrist extension are measured too. Then non-dominant side MVC in neutral posture in 3rd setting for males and in 2nd setting for females, and dominant side MVC keeping the wrist in neutral posture and the elbow at 150o angle are measured. The reason for using the 3rd setting for males and 2nd setting for females is that, on average, 3rd setting is the standard for male hand size, and 2nd setting is the standard for female hand size. After finishing the grip strength measurements, the key pinch strength at neutral arm and wrist posture is measured. After all, by using the lifting platform, MVC for arm, leg and torso strength are measured. While measuring all types of strength categories Caldwell protocol is used and all of the measurements are done as two trials. The data including only the maximum recordings can be seen from the table below: Table 4. : Collected Data for All Group Members for All Strength Categories |Name |Dominant Grip |Non-dominant |Dominant |Arm | | |Strength(MVC) |GS (MVC) |side GS at |Lift | | | | |elbow 150: | | |Female |16. 43 |4. 47 |19. 6 |17 | |Male |37. 86 |6. 69 |44. 81 |19 | The following table combines the data collected from the subjects with the data taken from the population. By looki ng at it, one can say that for males, with respect to grip strength, our sample mean, 37. 86 is about the 25% tile in strength, which means, Gurkan has more strength than about 25% of the population. And by using the same way, we can say that our female subjects have more strength than 2% of the population on average. And the information like percentiles for the rest of strength categories can be seen in a same manner from the table below. Table 5. 2: The percentiles of small group and data comparison with the population [pic] Another result from the study is the relationship between grip strength and grip-span and wrist/elbow posture. In order to understand the effects, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test is done. Our ANOVA hypothesis is as the following; H0:The group means are not different. H1:The group means are different. For the ANOVA results we can look at the following table to investigate he r-squared values, p-values and f values to understand the effects and relationships. According to the results taken; the highest p-valued factor is the wrist posture which has 3 levels of extension, neutral and flexion. Then comes the elbow posture and finally the grip-span. Table 5. 3: R-squared, p-value and f values of factors effecting grip strength |   |   |r-squared |p-value |f | |grip |grip â €“ span |0. 9395 |0. 64 |3. 45 | |strength | | | | | |vs. | | | | | | |wrist posture |0. 8997 |0. 769 |0. 28 | | |elbow posture |0. 9896 |0. 321 |1. 71 | The quality of the fit is given by the statistical number r-squared. An r-squared of 1. 0 would mean that the model fit the data perfectly, with the line going right through every data point. More realistically, with real data you’d get an r-squared of around 0. 85. Finally in order to support the other techniques we have looked at the result of the Tukey’s test. 5. DISCUSSION The implication of strength measurements in Ergonomic Intervention and the uses and importance of strength data in ergonomic intervention can be explained by the means of the following concepts. Many industrial activities are performed through human intervention. It is generally accepted that knowledge of what a person can or cannot do under specified circumstances is essential for efficient work design and injury prevention. Human strength recommendations for tool design and work and workspace design have also been receiving considerable attention. Lack of design guidelines and screening procedures can lead to overloading of the muscle-tendon –bone-joint system and, thereby, fatigue and possible consequent injuries. As a matter of fact, Chaffin et al. (1978) have reported that the incidence rate of back injuries ustained on the job increased when the job strength requirements exceeded isometric strengths of the workers. Human strengths of individuals thus form the basis for many design data bases and screening procedures. Therefore we can say that the overall intent of these developments is to reduce injuries and, in the process, maximize industrial productivity. 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The results indicate that although there’s not a significant difference, the optimum grip-span setting for the males is the 3rd, for the females is the 2nd setting as it’s been told in the literature. These findings were supported by the results of tukey’s test, which shows that the maximum strength is achieved with these settings. Also when we look at the R-squared values from the ANOVA test applied to understand the relationship between grip strength and grip-span and wrist/elbow posture, we can see that the effect is not so significant because of the large R-squared values. But if we want to sort them, wrist posture is the most significant, and then grip-span and elbow posture come respectively, where it can be seen easily from the table below: Table 7. : R-squared values for the factors effecting grip strenth |   |   |r-squared | |grip |grip – span |0. 9395 | |strength | | | |vs. | | | |wrist posture |0. 8997 | | |elbow posture |0. 9896 | Although the effect is not significant, the study suggests that grip span of a tool and the posture of wrist and elbow are important factors to be considered. From this study it can be understood that the isometric strength measurement is inexpensive and flexible. But the major disadvantage of isometric testing is that only one joint angle is tested at a time. If different joint angles need to be tested, the process must be repeated for each angle. Therefore as a further study, ways to test different joint angles one at a time can be studied. REFERENCES Eksioglu, M. , 2006. Optimal work-rest cycles for an isometric intermittent gripping task as a function of force, posture and grip span. Ergonomics, 49, 180-201. Eksioglu, M. , 2004. Relative optimum grip span as a function of hand anthropometry. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 34, 1-12. Mital, A. , Kumar, S. , 1998. Human muscle strength definitions, measurement, and usage: Part I – Guidelines for the practitioner. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 22, 101-121. Mital, A. , Kumar, S. , 1998. Human muscle strength definitions, measurement, and usage: Part II – The scientific basis (knowledge base) for the guide. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 22, 123-144. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Confidence_interval http://talkstats. com/showthread. php? t=2460 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Analysis_of_variance http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Student’s_t-test http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Multiple_comparisons http://www. le. ac. uk/bl/gat/virtualfc/Stats/mult. htm APPENDIX A) Descriptive statistics of the collected sample data (mean, std. dev. , and range only). In calculations, we have considered only the highest values but not all trial values. Table A. Descriptive Statistics of the collected sample data | | |Descriptive Statistics: FEMALE | | | |Variable Mean StDev Variance Range | |FEMALE 16,43 4,47 19,96 17,0 | | | |Descriptive Statistics: MALE | | |Variable Mean StDev Variance Range | |MALE 37,86 6,69 44,81 19,00 | B) Each participant’s strength percentile values in the population for each strength category (pinch strength calculations excluded). Again, we have con sidered only the highest values but not all trial values. Table B. 1 Grip strength percentile calculations | |Descriptive Statistics: Dicle; Duygu; Gurkan | | | |Variable Q1 Median Q3 IQR | |Dicle 10,00 15,00 17,00 7,00 | |Duygu 15,00 19,00 20,00 5,00 | |Gurkan 33,00 36,00 43,00 10,00 | Table B. 2 Leg, arm, torso strength percentiles measured for each participant | | |Descriptive Statistics: ARM. M; LEG. F; LEG. M; TORSO. M; TORSO. F;ARM. DYG; ARM. DCL | | | |Variable Q1 Median Q3 IQR | |ARM. M * 34,300 * * | |LEG. F * 48,40 * * | |LEG. M * 109,90 * * | |TORSO. M * 119,1 * * | |TORSO. F * 53,00 * * | |ARM. DYG * 15,650 * * | |ARM. DCL * 11,20 * * | C) 95% confidence interval for the true average grip strength, based on the sample data. [pic] C. I. for alpha = 0. 05 For males: (30. 334 , 45. 386) For females: (9. 466 , 23. 394) These intervals say that; in 95 of 100 trials these intervals contain the true average grip strength. D) Grip-strength vs. grip-width and wrist/elbow posture relationships: Table D. 1 ANOVA : Grip-span sets relationship General Linear Model: Value versus Grip; Member | | | |Factor Type Levels Values | |Grip fixed 5 set1; set2; set3; set4; set5 | |Member fixed 3 dicle; duygu; gurkan | | | | | |Analysis of Variance for Value, using Adjusted SS for Tests | | | |Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P | |Grip 4 171,60 171,60 42,90 3,45 0,064 | |Member 2 1374,40 1374,40 687,20 55,20 0,000 | |Error 8 99,60 99,60 12,45 | |Total 14 1645,60 | | | | | |S = 3,52846 R-Sq = 93,95% R-Sq(adj) = 89,41% | Table D. 2 ANOVA : Wrist posture relationship General Linear Model: values versu s position; names | | | |Factor Type Levels Values | |position fixed 3 ext; flex; neutral | |names fixed 3 dicle; duygu; gurkan | | | | | |Analysis of Variance for values, using Adjusted SS for Tests | | | |Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P | |position 2 18,67 18,67 9,33 0,28 0,769 | |names 2 1178,00 1178,00 589,00 17,67 0,010 | |Error 4 133,33 133,33 33,33 | |Total 8 1330,00 | | | | | |S = 5,77350 R-Sq = 89,97% R-Sq(adj) = 79,95% | Table D. 3 ANOVA : Elbow position relationship |General Linear Model: numbers versus elbow. ; members | | | |Factor Type Levels Values | |elbow. p fixed 2 ds150; neutral | |members fixed 3 dicle; duygu; gurkan | | | | | |Analysis of Variance for numbers, using Adjusted SS for Tests | | | |Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P |elbow. p 1 6,00 6,00 6,00 1,71 0,321 | |members 2 660,33 660,33 330,17 94,33 0,010 | |Error 2 7,00 7,00 3,50 | |Total 5 673,33 | | | | | |S = 1,87083 R-Sq = 98,96% R-Sq(adj) = 97,40% | The quality of the fit is given by the statistical number r-squared. An r-squared of 1. 0 would mean that the model fit the data perfectly, with the line going right through every data point. More realistically, with real data you’d get an r-squared of around 0. 85. So that, we can say that the effect of the factors investigated is not significant by looking at the large R-squared values. E) Comparison analysis among the data collected (Analysis of Variance, multiple comparison and t-tests, as necessary). In testing the null hypothesis that the population mean is equal to a specified value  ? 0, one uses the statistic [pic] where  s  is the  sample standard deviation  of the sample and  n  is the sample size. The degrees of freedom used in this test is  n  ? 1. Also we can use the Multiple Comparison Tests, which are a group of tests that follow on from one or two-factor ANOVA or the Kruskal-Wallis test,  but only if significant differences have been found. It would appear that they could be used on their own but because they are not as powerful as ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis, they can occasionally fail to find differences when the former succeed. They are used for exactly the same reasons that ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis are used, but provide more information. ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis can only tell you whether there is a difference between two or more of your groups and not which ones. We made ANOVA test for the grip-span settings, elbow/wrist posture and dominant/non-dominant side usage. When we look at the R-squared values from the ANOVA results, we fail to reject the null hypothesis; H0: The group means are not different. H1: The group means are different. Because, we have large R-squared values. And also by looking at the F and p-values,which is a small value, we can say that there is not a significant difference between the test groups. There is no need to conduct Tukey test because of failing to reject the null hypothesis, but despite of this situation we have conducted to support our previous results. And again we saw that there is not a significant difference. C25 = set1 subtracted from: | | | |C25 Lower Center Upper ——-+———+———+———+– | |set2 -27,59 5,00 37,59 (————*————) | |set3 -26,26 6,33 38,93 (——†”—-*————) | |set4 -32,59 0,00 32,59 (————*————) | |set5 -35,26 -2,67 29,93 (————*————) | |——-+———+———+———+– | |-25 0 25 50 | In this test, set 1 is compared with the other sets’ average. And as it can be seen the sets are not significantly different, there is only a slight difference, because the range includes â€Å"0†. So that there’s chance that different sets give the same results. TUKEY’S TEST FOR SETS: One-way ANOVA: C26 versus C25 | | | |Source DF SS MS F P | |C25 4 172 43 0,29 0,877 | |Error 10 1474 147 | |Total 14 1646 | | | |S = 12,14 R-Sq = 10,43% R-Sq(adj) = 0,00% | | | | | |Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on | |Pooled StDev | |Level N Mean StDev ——-+———+——— +———+– | |set1 3 21,67 12,42 (————*————) | |set2 3 26,67 14,15 (————*————) | |set3 3 28,00 13,75 (————*————) | |set4 3 21,67 10,60 (————*————) | |set5 3 19,00 9,00 (————*————) | |——-+———+———+———+– | |12 24 36 48 | | | |Pooled StDev = 12,14 | | | | |Tukey 95% Simultaneous Confidence Intervals | | All Pairwise Comparisons among Levels of C25 | | | |Individual confidence level = 99,18% | | | | | |C25 = set1 subtracted from: | | | |C25 Lower Center Upper ——-+———+———+———+– | |set2 -27,59 5,00 37,59 (————*————) | |set3 -26,26 6,33 38,93 (————-*————) | |set4 -32,59 0,00 32,59 (————*————) | |set5 -35,26 -2,67 29,93 (————*————) | |——-+———+———+———+– | |-25 0 25 50 | | | | | |C25 = set2 subtracted from: | | | |C25 Lower Center Upper ——-+———+———+———+– | |set3 -31,26 1,33 33,93 (————-*— ———) | |set4 -37,59 -5,00 27,59 (————*————) | |set5 -40,26 -7,67 24,93 (————*————) |——-+———+———+———+– | |-25 0 25 50 | | | | | |C25 = set3 subtracted from: | | | |C25 Lower Center Upper ——-+———+———+———+– | |set4 -38,93 -6,33 26,26 (————*————-) | |set5 -41,59 -9,00 23,59 (————*————) | |——-+———+———+———+– | |-25 0 25 50 | | | | | |C25 = set4 subtracted from: | | | |C25 Lower Center Upper ——-+———+———+———+– | |set5 -3 5,26 -2,67 29,93 (————*————) | |——-+———+———+———+– | | | |-25 0 25 50 | E) CONTINUED Comparison of our data with population data. In order to compare, we should calculate the percentiles; Calculating percentiles for a value relative to a population with known mean (50th %tile) and standard deviation (assuming normal distribution): 1. Calculate z. [pic] z = (37,86 – 40. 5)/3. 84 = -0,69 2. Look up the z value from the table of â€Å"cumulative probabilities of the standard normal distribution. † z = -0,69 is about 0. 25 so the percentile is 25% for the first calculation. Here is the table of our all computations taken from EXCEL: Table E. 1 Comparison of our data with population data [pic] The following table combines the data collected from the subjects with the data taken from the population. By looking at it, one can say that for males, with respect to grip strength, our sample mean, 37. 86 is about the 25% tile in strength, which means, Gurkan has more strength than about 25% of the population. And by using the same way, we can say that our female subjects have more strength than 2% of the population on average. And the information like percentiles for the rest of strength categories can be seen in a same manner from the table above. How to cite Ergonomics, Papers

Visual Kei free essay sample

Visual Kei One of the most extravagant and interesting of music scenes, Visual Kei, more often described as Japanese shock-rock, is a growing interest even for people who dont like Japanese music. With the rising popularity of bands like Dir En Grey and DespairsRay, who will be playing on this years Taste Of Chaos tour, its only a matter of time before it becomes a popular genre. What makes Visual Kei different from normal J-rock is the clothes. Unlike its musical counterpart Oshare Kei, which is based on cuteness, Visual Kei has a darker look to it. Black, leather, and goth-lolita style clothes are very popular. I first got into the scene last year when I was still into metal. I was watching Headbangers Ball and they put on Dir En Greys video for Saku(bloom). Kyous extremely twisted look and the complete morbidness of the video creeped me out, which totally caught my interest. We will write a custom essay sample on Visual Kei or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I didnt really listen to much Dir En Grey after that, I was more interested in J-pop at the time. But i got ripped back into this year, getting annoyed with listening to the same bands over again, I went in search of new ones. And thats what I found. The music is amazing and the look is crazy. I think most of the bands goal is to leave an impression on people and they certainly have accomplished that.

Improving Technologies at the High School

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buy custom Business Integration essay Introduction Due to the increase in competition within companies, managers and commercial analysts are adopting different strategies to curb commercial rivalry and outshine their competitors. Among these methods, Business Process Integration (BPI) has gained prominence as it has proved to be not only practicable, but also easier and faster to implement. BPI basically refers to the process of synchronizing the entire companys internal operations together with those of its other divisions as well as its other trading partners by joining up incongruent systems in real-time. Due to the constant advances in technology, change in management is inevitable and it is at this particular point that Business Process Integration comes in handy. Business analysts and managers who aspire to be success in future must therefore seek and adopt strategies such as BPI which are executable. SAP plays a big role in aiding different companies to achieve their aspired goals and hence succeed in their endeavors. SAP is a German software company that is a renowned dealer in enterprise software that is used to run business operations and at the same time reinforces the customer relations. This document discus in detail how SAP helps businesses to flourish in a threefold manner: firstly, it makes a general overview of the company; it secondly surveys the distribution, adoption and implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) by SAP and finally it considers the critical issues that surround implementation of an ERP system. Piece 1: A Brief Overview of SAP As earlier mentioned, SAP is software company in Germany that is interested with the management of business operations as well as customer operations. Its headquarters are in Walldorf, Baben-Wurttemberg and other minor offices around the globe. SAP is leading the market in enterprise application software. The company was founded in June 1972 as System and Analysis Program Development by some former IBM engineers. It is the largest software company in the world and ranked third highest sole software provider (SAP 2012). SAP operates in mainly four geographical regions: America which include the United States and Canada; APJ which includes Asia, Pacific and Japan; LAC which includes Latin America and Caribbean and EMEA which is composed of Europe, Middle East and Africa.APJ represents the great nations like Japan, Australia, Korea, India, New Zealand, Greater China and other Southeast Asian nations. Additionally, SAP operates in other 115 subsidiaries and has research and development facilities in the United States, India, Germany, Canada, Brazil, France, China, Turkey, Hungary, Bulgaria, Israel and Ireland (SAP 2012). Other than wasting energy while working on many fields, SAP mainly focuses on six different industrial sectors. These include discrete industries, process industries, consumer industries, financial services, public service and service industries. Despite limiting itself to six major industry sectors, SAP offers not less than twenty five industry solution assortments for the large institutions. In addition it offers more than 550 micro-vertical resolutions for the average sizes and other small premises. In such kind of an operation, SAP is able to deliver its products and services to all its potential customers, something that heightens its prominence and efficiency (Woods, Roland, Broady 2008). Delivery of quality products and services is undoubtedly one of the major reasons that SAP has managed to capture and sustain the loyalty of many customers which in turn has enabled it outshine its competitors. This follows the obvious notion that customers will always run for the best products and services with the most affordable prices (SearchSAP 2012). SAP Community Network This is the collection of the SAP partners, customers, employees and the influencers who collective share knowledge on JAVA, NET, SOA, ABAP, and other technologies (SAP 2012). This community mingles in roles such as consultation, business analysis and integration. Other topics that prompt interaction among this community include cloud computing, big data, practicable processes in businesses as well as plus analysts and dashboards. These and a range of other topics are tackled through blogs, exclusive downloads and code samples, discussion forums, technical library and training programs. The SAP community network is composed of not less than two million members who are representatives of a wide range of duties and businesses and territories all over the world, in 24 respective industries. This kind of a network is widely viewed as the most appropriate for a social networking in business (SAP 2012). Organization SAP strategically organizes its functional units across various for research and development needs, customer support, and field activities. Labs are primarily for the development of products whereas field institutions set in various nations across the globe are for field activities such as consulting, sales and marketing among many others. The head office located at the headquarters is responsible for the overall management of all the other institutions. Additionally, it is also expected to monitor all the engineering activities connected to company development. The companys customers support which is also known as the Active Global Support (AGS) supports SAP customers worldwide. SAP Products and Services SAP offers a wide range of products and services. There are many products offered by this company but its products mainly focus on Enterprise Resource Management (ERP). As such, SAPs major product is SAP ERP whose current version is SAP ERP 6.0. Other main products by this company include Government, Risk and Compliance (GRC) solutions; performance management solutions, RFID and Duet which is offered in conjunction with Microsoft. In addition, SAP offers service-oriented architecture capabilities (SOA) in form of web services connected to its applications. Despite its products initially being designed for the Fortune 500 companies, SAP is currently targeting the small businesses as well as the medium sized enterprises (Word Woods 2011). SAP Cloud solutions is yet another product that enable businesses to run better. This means that the businesses will be much secure as well as get more cost effective. SAP NetWeather Portalplays a significant role in the companys user communication approach to heighten peoples productivity via inventive solutions. SAP Solutions for Public Sector empower the authorities to optimize the scarce resources in public administration while rendering responsive services. SAP Business Objects Analytic applications is another product by SAP. It confronts professionals across disciplines to deliver both context and insight that crucial for success today (SearchSAP 2012). SAP also provides Enterprise Information Management (EIM) solutions which manage structured and unstructured data as well as events that are used in data warehouses, Business Intelligence, analytics and Operations applications. Finally, SAP offers Customer Relationship Management which helps businesses to not only helps business es address short term essentials but also minimize cost and heighten the decision making levels (Shields 2001). Benefits Derived From Large Enterprise and Small/Medium Sized Businesses It is indubitable that SAP has transformed many business premises through the supply of its products. This follows the notion that in the todays fast growing business competition, managers are under more pressure to act faster and make more achievements, normally with fewer resources. It is for this particular reason that SAP products are designed to assist combat with these challenges through comprehensive functionality (Norris, Dunleavy, Ballis 2000). From its end, SAP has benefited from the businesses it transacts with through various ways. To start with, large enterprises provide the largest market for the companys products. Such are also sources of raw materials some of which are required by SAP to manufacture their products. Among other enterprises, IBM is the leading business enterprise that has been in the forefront to provide some of its technologies to the corporation. The other set of institutions that benefit the company include the Small and medium-sized institutions (SMEs). These are companies whose turnovers fall below various limits. Despite this fact, SMEs are the most common type of companies in numerous economies and hence worth some attention by the already flourished corporations. The sole reason as to why SAP enters into business with such companies is because they often drive to innovation and competition in many sectors. Piece 2: The impact of Internet Technology on the Delivery of ERP systems Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is a software product by SAP. It is a business management software that enable companies to apply a system of incorporated applications to manage the business. Due to its uniqueness, it fuses all the facets of a process including manufacturing, development, sales and marketing. As such, ERP software consists of several enterprise software modules that a given company would purchase in align with their specific requirements and technical capacities. Each module concentrates with one area of the business such as marketing or product development. Since time in memorial, Information technology have had some impacts and actually transformed many sectors of businesses enterprises. This effect has also been felt in the delivery of ERP systems. As earlier mentioned, ERP is a business management software. Bearing this in mind, it is obvious that its delivery will be much influenced by the growth information and communication technologies which are consequently driven improvements of computer hardware, microelectronics and software systems (Rashid, Hossain, Patrick 2012). The development of the internet has had a significant impact on all the aspects of information technology sector including the ERP systems getting more internet-enabled. This system of accessing system resources from anywhere has enabled ERP vendors to expand their legacy ERP systems to include newer exterior business components such as Sales Force Automation (SFA), supply chain management, advanced planning and scheduling (APS), customer relations management, e-business capacities and business intelligence. Indeed, ERP is becoming the e-business stamina for companies doing the transactions online over the internet. Internet-oriented institutions are designed to improve customer satisfaction, extend distribution channels, boost sales and marketing opportunities, and provide more efficient payment and billing methods. This consequently facilitates effective tri-party interactions between the customers, suppliers and the company itself. Successful management of the supply chain permits a business to deliver the appropriate products to the buyers. This enables the company to anticipate demand and distribute the right products at the right time and place as well as at the lowest cost possible to satisfy the wants of its esteemed customers. Adoption of the e-commerce is a channel of future extension of the long-established ERP systems of many small, average and large vendors. This will in turn facilitate interactions between the suppliers, customers and organizations to take place instantly in less time and cost effectively. Due to the adoption of various information communications technological by SAP and integrating it with ERP systems, avenues such as cloud computing, the tri-party interactions have become cheaper, fast and efficient. Cloud computing refers to the technological use of central remote servers and the internet to preserve data and applications. This service permits businesses and consumers to use applications without any installation and access their files at any computer that can access the internet (Cleveland Khannan 2012). Software as a service (SaaS) is yet another software distribution form in which the service provider or the vendor hosts applications and later avails them to the customers through a network which is normally the internet. ERP systems have adopted SaaS due to the advantages that are associated with it. To start with, the SaaS model facilitates easier teamwork and administration, compatibility where all the users have the same software version, and automated updates as well as patch management. In addition, this model facilitates global accessibility which is undoubtedly the major feature that customers search for (Search Cloud Computing 2012). Finally, Active Server Pages abbreviated as ASP was the very first Microsofts server-side script engine that was used to dynamically generate web pages. It was a special tool that was used as an add-on to offer internet infoormation services. From the above account, it can be inferred that both SaaS and ASP were designed to facilitate cloud com puting. Piece 3: Examples of businesses that sell on-line to retail customers There are many companies that sell their products online but this document will mainly consider Swreg and Nissan. Swereg Inc is a company in the United States that that is inclined to payment processing and particularly serving service and software publishers. The companys products provide shareware and software authors both of which are methods that are used in selling products online. Swreg offers a number of alternatives in which payment can be made, flexibility, customization and distribution into the global markets. Their online payment strategy allows its clients to use Eurocards, VISA, Mastercards, JCB, Solo, Delta, American Express, Diners club, Discover, International Money Orders, Paypal, Bank wires and Personal Check. The other company that has adopted online marketing for the selling of its products is Nissan. This is an automotive company that sells cars and its other products to customers online. It connects the clients with their retailers who are in different parts of the world. The activities they carry out online include advertising their products, communicating with the clients and showing their products to the clients. Payment is also done online. Dell is yet another company that has been so successful in online marketing. It is a global company in America that deals with computer technology. It does not only develop, but it also develops and supports computers and other products that are related to the computers. The success of this company is attributed to online marketing. Piece 4: Issues that surround implementation of an ERP system Despite the major benefits of implementing ERP systems, there are great changes that are brought about after the implementation of the system and they need to be effectively catered for in order to reap the potential benefits of the system. Though the issues may sound minor, they are so critical that if no attention is taken, they can seriously maim the business. Firstly, the system demands top management commitment. The implementation process is not just a matter of replacing the software systems, instead it involves repositioning and changing the business practices. Following the huge impacts on the competitive advantage of the business, the management has to consider the potential implications of implementing the system. The management must therefore ask itself several questions and adequately plan for the ERP system implementation not to hurt the business. The second issue is reengineering. Implementation of the ERP system involves absolute renovation of the existing company processes. All the business processes must be in align with the ERP model which can increase the benefits as well as the costs of the ERP model. This is normally practicable if the business wishes to roll out the system around the globe. Despite this fact, it is not always so easy to convince everyone to accept the model. At times, business processes are quite unique that they have to be preserved and the appropriate steps to be taken which will customize those steps. It is important to note that whenever a company customizes the software in order to fit its needs, the cost of implementation is likely to rise. As such, companies should try maintain their systems as possible, if they are not completely replacing them, in order to evade future upgrade and maintenance expenses as well as reduce customization cost. Integration is the third issue. Many organizations have the feeling that adopting a single vendor means having a common view which will be necessary for serving customers and system maintenance in future. It is however very difficult to operate with a single system and hence other software have to be bolted with the ERP software. This is where the problem arises as some software is not compatible with the ERP software (Auerbach Publications Inc 2012). Finally, it is so challenging to train and update the employees on ERP. This has one of the major hidden costs of working with the system. If no proper training is done, approximately 30 to 40 percent of the leading employees will not be in a position to handle the demands of the system. Though it is possible to train the workers within a short period of time, it is extremely difficult to constantly transfer knowledge to them especially if the workers have inadequate computer skills or are computer phobic. Piece 5: My ERPSim experience During my groups participation in the ERPSim game, I gained some experience which will undoubtedly have a great impact in my future endeavors. To start with, the aim of the game was to enhance profitable distribution of water in Germany. Since the aim was to cut the cost for providing water and hence maximize the profits, the group adopted a strategy that would reduce the cost of supplying clean piped water to homes. The strategy started by creating an online shopping of all the plumbing materials that would be required. This encompassed visiting websites of the renowned plumbing corporations and buying their products online. After carrying out the entire transaction, delivery of the materials would be done by the company or the group would be directed to a nearby retailer who would supply the goods. This strategy aided in saving time, energy and resources. The reasons as to why the strategy was a success is because it saved money that would have otherwise been used in search of plumbing materials, hiring of professionals would be online and there was of course reduction of cost of the materials as compared to when middle men would be involved. Conclusion As observed above, increase in competition within organizations has prompted top managers and commercial analysts to adopt different strategic management techniques that will enable them succeed in future and outshine their competitors. Due to the inevitable impacts posed by the growth and development of information technologies, many enterprises are adopting advanced technologies to boost their sales and marketing. SAP is undoubtedly the worlds leading software company which has transformed many businesses through its products and mainly the ERP systems. There are some advantages and disadvantages of this system all of which have been discussed above. 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Six Sigma DMAIC Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Six Sigma DMAIC Process - Essay Example There is, in turn, an increasing support for the view that a Six Sigma team can do its work better in process and product improvement if the project uses the DMAIC approach. This paper aims to gain a better understanding of the DMAIC process by dissecting the corresponding tools that make it such a widely accepted instrument for a Six Sigma quality improvement plan. The Six Sigma process is about organizational change and the six elements referred to in the term, which serve as its change agents, are: leadership, champions, sponsors, master black belts, black belts and green belts (Pyzdek online). The reference to karate cannot be helped because the concept was developed by the Japanese who took over Motorola in the 1970s when competition was driving the US operations of the Japanese company to the edge of bankruptcy. One of the main reasons was that Motorola, which manufactured the Quasar TV sets in the US, could not keep up with foreign competitors who were able to produce high-quality products at lower costs. The Japanese themselves are credited with the earlier conceptualization of total quality management in their tenacious search for quality improvement in the 1950s. This was adopted in the US in the 1960s and in Europe in the 1980s. TQM attacks problems on product or service efficiency based on the premise that all activities in an organ ization contribute to quality or lack of it. However, total quality management has lately come into disuse because of perceptions that quality improvement is an exclusive function of the quality department such that it is confined to the assigned quality circles and a few industrial engineers. Thus, it is concentrated on enhancing the organizational processes with the use of statistical methods and on defect reductions, with less consideration given to improving the bottom line (Das online). The Six Sigma method has a more expanded an all-encompassing focus. At Motorola, the Japanese carried out the first Six Sigma project by finding ways to make production better, faster and cheaper, using the same workforce, the same technology and designs but a different management approach (Pyzdek online). As a result, Motorola was soon producing with less than 1 percent of the number of defects noted before in its products and services. Both the complete Six Sigma principle and the Lean Six Sigma version, when put to use with the participation and commitment of all departments, have proven effective in realizing significant savings in operational costs, speeding up the product life cycle and reducing non-value added activities (George, 2002). The complete Six Sigma process may be applied to cost-cutting and reducing variations while the Lean Six Sigma version may be applied only to 3 or 4 operational areas, such as the human resource, production and service

Identify an entrepreneurial or intrapreneurial venture that has Research Paper

Identify an entrepreneurial or intrapreneurial venture that has leveraged global and social media - Research Paper Example The company involved its business owners from the onset to close of their operations. The company attempted to avoid promotional messages to the clients but rather involve them in the entire process of business (Hibbard 1). Sandoval indicates that Microsoft covers over 100 countries; thus, has a responsibility to advance their social as well as economic opportunities (152). This, therefore, led to the sharing of Microsoft messages that touched on â€Å"Your Office, Your Terms† slogan which led to more likes on Facebook and follows on Twitter (Hibbard 1). What I liked the most about the Microsoft’s approach in leveraging social media is the incorporation of women in their campaigns as the women occupy a considerable percentage of the audience group (Hibbard 1). I also loved the aspect that the company opted not to focus on promotion messages but emphasized on the usability of the site and how to improve their experience of the site. This explains why the Microsoft campaign led to more likes than expected. The female executives were targeted, and through file sharing and web conferencing, their businesses grew with a huge margin. What was exceptional and effective about the Microsoft’s approach was the editorial calendar. This calendar as Hibbard indicates included the mix of women who are in businesses (1). Through this platform, the women were provided with a platform for making discussions and post their contributions as far as business deals were concerned. It is through this calendar that the company managed to publish the stories of about 30 women in less than two months. In their social media-based initiative, the venture achieved social action as opposed to the usual interactions (Hibbard 1). The bloggers and users of the social media sites of the Microsoft page were engaged in learning more from the site such as the women who were

Robinson fruit shoot market share Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Robinson fruit shoot market share - Essay Example To understand better preference and market share, it was worthwhile taking the time to study previous reports on the Robinson Fruit Shoot brand that had been compiled earlier by different studies. This helped the researchers go to the field with knowledge of the perception of the brand and an expectation of opinion. This, however, could, however, influence the objectivity due to response anticipation. From the studies done by Mintel, Fruit Juice, Juice Drinks, and Smoothies - UK - November 2012 and Fruit Juice and Juice Drinks - UK - November 2011 placed Robinson Fruit Shoot at number three and number two respectively as a market share player. They proved that the Shoot was popular among the other brands but was not in pole position as to control the market. That, therefore, seemed to suggest that more marketing and sales were required so as to make the brand the market leader. From another survey by Mintel for Cordials and Squashes in October 2012, there was increased demand for sof t and low alcohol drinks in the United Kingdom hence showing that there was an increasing market for the Shoot as more, consumers preferred soft drinks. The third survey used in the secondary research was Fruit Juices, Energy & Juice Drinks Market Report 2013 that showed the preferences of the children aged between 1 to 15 years, the target consumer group. The survey’s findings are important for the marketers of the shoot to execute a marketing plan that carters for the children’s taste and preferences.

What are the main risks faced by banks and how does a bank attempt to manage these risks?

What are the main risks faced by banks and how does a bank attempt to manage these risks? What are the main risks faced by banks and how does a bank attempt to manage these risks? All companies which have a profit maximising objective hold a certain degree of risk whether through microeconomic or macroeconomic factors. Banks also face a number of risks atypical of non financial companies due to the payment and intermediary function which they perform. Recent changes in the banking environment has lead to an increased pressure to maximise shareholder value, this means that banks take on a higher risk in order to gain a higher return. It is due to this increased pressure and market volatility that banking risk needs such effective management to ensure the banks continued solvency. Risk can be defined as an â€Å"exposure to uncertainty of outcome† measured by the volatility (standard deviation) of net cash flow within the firm. Banks aim to add equity to the bank by maximising the risk adjusted return to shareholders highlighting the importance of fully considering the risk and return business equation. Exposure to risk does not always lead to a loss, pu re risk only has a downside from the expected outcome but speculative risk can produce either a better or worse result that expected. Credit risk is the risk that the counterparty will fail to repay the loan in part or full. This includes delayed payments or any default on the loan agreement. It is widely know that credit risk is one of the most damaging risks to banks, for this reason there is usually a separate credit department run around a credit culture of the managements views. The objective of the credit department will be to maximise shareholder value added through credit risk management. To manage credit risk banks do sometimes take a security over the loan such as property or shares which the bank can take possession of in the event of default on the loan agreement. If the market prices of the security become volatile the bank may ask for more security to offset the probability of marginal default increasing. Credit constraints are implemented to make sure there is a restriction on certain loan agreements to a specific category of borrower, well defined credit limits will reduce the risk of adverse selec tion. Pricing the loan is a technique which uses a risk adjusted premium to determine the rate of interest on a loan, with the riskier the loan the higher the premium, although a higher interest rate may increase probability of default so must be monitored regularly. The final credit risk management method is to reduce credit losses by building a portfolio with diversification between low and high risk lending. This essentially offsets high risk and return lending with low risk and return lending to minimise any losses incurred. A similar but more specific concept to credit risk is sovereign risk involving risk that a government will default on a loan agreement from a private sector bank. This case is unusual because if a government sates that the default is due to movement of resources to resolve domestic issues it can declare the loan agreement void due to immunity in the legal process, this will barrier debt recovery through the taking the possession of assets and often leave the bank with partial or full loss of the loan. Debt repudiation is an extreme case where the government no longer recognises their debt or obligations to creditors. Due to problems and the high risk associated with government lending a foreign currency sovereign credit rating was defined in an attempt to enable informed investor lending decisions. An interest rate is a premium paid in order to consume resources in the present rather than at a later date. Interest rate risk is loss or gain in the value of a position due to changes in the interest rate, it is a speculative risk because the changes in interest rates can lead to both a positive and negative result. There are two types of interest rate which are fixed rate and rate sensitive, the simpler form of risk lies with fixed rate assets and liabilities because a change in the interest rate above or below the fixed rate with lead to a loss or gain in capital. Simulation approaches are highly complex and involve an assessment of the potential changes of interest rates on earnings, future economic value and impact on cash flow. Static simulations assess only the cash flow of on and off balance sheet activity, whereas dynamic simulations build a model predicting the future changes of interest rates and expected changes in the banks activity. The best known interest rate risk m anagement method is gap analysis. This is a detailed analysis of the gap between interest rate sensitive assets and interest rate sensitive liabilities over a specific duration. A rate sensitive asset or liability is defined by an asset or liability in which the cash flow changes in the same direction as interest rates. The changes in interest rates have a detrimental effect if there is a mismatch between rate sensitive assets and liabilities, this is because if the level of rate sensitive liabilities is higher than rate sensitive assets, an increase in interest rates will lead to less profits. High quality interest rate risk management can effectively increase or decrease the gap in order to maximise revenue. Operational risk is defined at the risk of loss from a breakdown in internal processes and/or management failure. This can occur through different events such as a law suit, systems failure, or damage to assets and its effects can lead to an increase in unsystematic market risk and liquidity risk. Although there has been significant importance placed upon operational risk there is at present still no clear method of measuring its risk and effects on a general basis. The Basle II provided three suggested methods of calculating the operating risk of a firm. The basic approach allocates capital using gross income as an indicator for the banks exposure to operational risk. The Standardised approach divides the bank into business units and lines and uses individual indicators to calculate a department specific level of exposure to operational risk. The final method of calculating operational risk is the internal measurement approach which allows each bank to use individual internal loss data to determine the capital allocation. Market risk is the risk of movement in the price function of financial instruments, resulting in the loss/gain in value. It is a speculative risk, measured by the probability in potential loss/gain in value of a portfolio. The risk occurs in two separate forms; Systematic market risk is caused by the price movement of all financial instruments due to changes in the macroeconomic climate. Unsystematic risk occurs when an instrument moves out of line with the rest of the market due to internal factors with the issuer. Systematic market risk can be prepared for in event of downturn in the economic climate by capital allocation to the specific risk calculated by the risk adjusted rate on capital. Value at risk is a measure of potential losses incurred to a portfolio due to adverse market price movements often used in risk management. Unsystematic risk can be offset by diversifications of investments into several different countries and/or industries affectively spreading the risk in att empt to avoid huge losses in specific sector investment. The diversification of investment into foreign countries may increase the potential probability of currency risk. Exchange rate flexibility exposes all firms with a short or long term position in any given currency to currency risk. Globalised markets have lead to increases in multinational firms and foreign investment, increasing the level of foreign exchange and political risks. Any exchange of money in a currency other than the firms home currency would be expressed as a purchase of foreign currency. Foreign exchange transactions can involve many forms of on and off balance sheet financial instruments. Duration analysis can be used to compare the value of foreign bond to the foreign or domestic currency interest rates. Measures of net risk exposure for each currency can be assessed using gap analysis and will be equal to the difference between assets and liabilities in each currency. Political risk arises through the risk of political interference in the operations of a private sector bank, the exposure of which can range between interest rate and exchange regulations to the nationalisation of the financial service industry. The main factors which have been stated as to affect political risk is internal or external armed conflict, democratic government, and government stability. The level of Liquidity risk can affected by many of the other risks and is defined as the risk that the bank will have insufficient liquid assets on its balance sheet and is therefore unable to fulfil financial commitments without the sale of assets; this is generated from a mismatch in size and maturity of assets and liabilities on the balance sheet or due to loan defaults with a surge of depositor demands. Day to day liquidity risk (funding risk) relates to the daily withdrawals and is predictable due to low depositor withdrawals, if there was a surge of withdrawals then many banks would rely in loans from the interbank market to cover the short term illiquidity. A more unpredictable risk also arising from increased depositor withdrawals is a liquidity crisis. The increase in withdrawals often stems from lack of confidence in the bank, this situation will force the bank to borrow at an elevated interest rate or rely on central bank intervention and deposit insurance to avoid a run . In this situation the central bank can provide provisions in the form of high interest loans or advances, however this is costly and can further damage the banks reputation. Ideally the bank could use a method of maturity matching to guarantee liquidity and eliminate the funding risks. This is the coordination of cash flow by matching the maturity of an asset with the maturity of a liability. This is unlikely to be a widely used approach as asset transformation is a key source of banking profit. Usually the bank will hold a certain level of liquid assets to reassure creditors and signal to the market that the bank is doing well, an increase holding of liquid assets will avoid the liquidity problem but due to a trade off between liquidity and profitability lower return on investments. The most widely used technique of managing banks liquidity is Gap analysis, the liquidity gap is defined by the difference between net liquid assets and unpredictable liabilities. This gives the abili ty to monitor available capital over time. Financial services differ from other firms because of the high level of financial risks that they assume through the payment and intermediary functions. It is therefore critical to manage the risks faced to ensure solvency and to maximise the firms value added. In some cases the management of an individual risk can have a positive or negative effect on another risk which shows that they are not mutually exclusive. Many of the main financial crises have risen from a combination of risks surrounding losses due to poor credit risk management, it is important to highlight diversification of a portfolio and asset liability management as influencing factors in effective risk management as they can reduce the probability of several risks. In the future it is important to continue developing new formal and quantitative risk management processes to ensure continues solvency within the financial services industry.

Inadequate Secondary Education in the United States :: Educational Learning School Essays

Inadequate Secondary Education in the United States ‘Tis education forms the common mind; Just as the twig is bent the tree’s inclined. Pope – Moral Essays Two years ago, I used to work at a photo shop in downtown Philadelphia. Except for me, the only foreigner, there were five Americans working there. Once, we talked about the American life in the beginning of the twentieth century. To support my opinion, I used an example from a short story called â€Å"The Gift of the Magi† by a famous American writer O. Henry. It was a very shocking experience for me to find out that nobody knew who O. Henry was or what he had done for the world literature. Since then, I met a lot of American people with a lack of basic cultural knowledge and, at the same time, with an outstanding professional expertise. Very quickly, I figured out that the root of this problem is in the secondary school education. The American secondary school pays too little attention to producing students with well-rounded education substituting the â€Å"what† with the â€Å"how†. Placing an undue emphasis on the methods of teaching and studying (the â€Å"how†) at the expense of the material being taught and studied (the â€Å"what†) makes the choice of what to teach of secondary importance. A weak and disintegrated curriculum is a source of another problem. Excessive attention to the American culture and inadequate attention to the culture of the rest of the world lead American people to a false confidence in the superiority of the American culture. However, the fact is that American â€Å"high school graduates are ranked low compared to other countries† (Bowsher, 146). Many people may say that I exaggerate the problem, because the United States is one of the most technologically advanced countries in the world and this fact is directly associated with a quality education. As to some lack of cultural education, they say, it can be filled at the higher educational level in college. Thus, these problems cannot be so global. Unfortunately, they are just so global. Evidently, the college education in the United States retains high standards that enable the U.S. to maintain its technology at the cutting edge. But students coming from high schools are often not ready for a more advanced study and must waste their time in noncredit courses (Burstein, par. 1). Alexander Burstein, an Assistant Professor of Mathematics at the Iowa State University, describes his view of this situation: Inadequate Secondary Education in the United States :: Educational Learning School Essays Inadequate Secondary Education in the United States ‘Tis education forms the common mind; Just as the twig is bent the tree’s inclined. Pope – Moral Essays Two years ago, I used to work at a photo shop in downtown Philadelphia. Except for me, the only foreigner, there were five Americans working there. Once, we talked about the American life in the beginning of the twentieth century. To support my opinion, I used an example from a short story called â€Å"The Gift of the Magi† by a famous American writer O. Henry. It was a very shocking experience for me to find out that nobody knew who O. Henry was or what he had done for the world literature. Since then, I met a lot of American people with a lack of basic cultural knowledge and, at the same time, with an outstanding professional expertise. Very quickly, I figured out that the root of this problem is in the secondary school education. The American secondary school pays too little attention to producing students with well-rounded education substituting the â€Å"what† with the â€Å"how†. Placing an undue emphasis on the methods of teaching and studying (the â€Å"how†) at the expense of the material being taught and studied (the â€Å"what†) makes the choice of what to teach of secondary importance. A weak and disintegrated curriculum is a source of another problem. Excessive attention to the American culture and inadequate attention to the culture of the rest of the world lead American people to a false confidence in the superiority of the American culture. However, the fact is that American â€Å"high school graduates are ranked low compared to other countries† (Bowsher, 146). Many people may say that I exaggerate the problem, because the United States is one of the most technologically advanced countries in the world and this fact is directly associated with a quality education. As to some lack of cultural education, they say, it can be filled at the higher educational level in college. Thus, these problems cannot be so global. Unfortunately, they are just so global. Evidently, the college education in the United States retains high standards that enable the U.S. to maintain its technology at the cutting edge. But students coming from high schools are often not ready for a more advanced study and must waste their time in noncredit courses (Burstein, par. 1). Alexander Burstein, an Assistant Professor of Mathematics at the Iowa State University, describes his view of this situation:

Dark Room Essay

The author of the Dark Room ( Rachel Seiffert) made Lore, who is a young girl that has to walk across germany during world war 2 with her siblings, a memorable character by showing what she is like, what Lore’s mission was and the theme of the novel during world war 2. The author of the Dark Room (Rachel Sieffert) used Lore’s Characteristics to make her memorable. Lore is very adaptable to life during World War II. Lore often has to improvise by finding other ways of doing things for example when Lore tries to keep the children clean, she uses paraffin with a tub to try and get rid of nits in the children’s hair. Food was also scarce so she had to make reasonable portions with the food she gathered for herself and her siblings â€Å"Lore divides the rest of the bread between them†. Thus shows how adaptable she is during the tough living situations and shortages of World War 2. Lore is also very brave; this is shown when Jochen was shot by the Russian soldiers†¦ ’ A gun is fired again†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ † The first one pulls Jochen shirt towards him†. When this happened in the novel Lore did not cry or run off after the Russian soldiers as they brutally killed Johan, this shows the reader how brave Lore is by leaving her own little brother in the paddock. This shows the authors intention to get the reader to feel for Lore as she must make tough decisions about food, which in today’s society is often taken for granted. The author of the dark room, Rachel Sieffert used Lore’s mission to make her a memorable character. In the novel Lore needs to walk to her oma’s place, making her way from southern Germany to a place near Hamburg which is approximately six hundred kilometres, she not only has to do it by herself she also has to walk all the way with her siblings with a lack of trains operating â€Å"The man in the office says she will need to get permission from the americans†¦ he last offical transport went over two weeks ago†.. †The station is deserted†. The author makes it memorable as it is such a long way to walk, especially in war times where conditions were extremely tough which is very unusual, even in today’s society, thus is how Rachel Sieffert makes Lore memorable by giving h er a mission of walking such a large distance.

A Critical Analysis on “A study in Scarlet” by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

In his book, â€Å"A study in Scarlet† Sir Arthur succeeded in marrying mystery, intrigues and suspense together into one. The book has an unusual style of writing, for it is written in two different writing styles that dissolve into one another.The first part has a first person singular diction, while the second part has third person narrative style. It also has two settings, the first has London settings, while the second setting is America. It is a classical novel that revolves around a detective, Sherlock Holmes, a character who later became famous in other subsequent novels.The novel is divided into two parts, the diction in the first part is rather sarcastic, which has Doctor Watson relates the story in a personal experience style. He briefly explained how he was wounded at the second â€Å"Afghan war† and came back to London to find a decent apartment.It was this search for accommodation that led to his meeting of with Sherlock Holmes, an enthusiast chemist, who can also be described as eccentric, a cosmos and that later turned detective as the novel unfolds.â€Å"Holmes is a little too scientific for my tastes—it approaches to cold-bloodedness.†The novel delves into its mystery theme when a dead body was found at dilapidated building in Brixton with the word â€Å"RACHE† scribbled with blood on a wall near it. Sherlock, who is very vast in science and criminal investigation, took it upon himself to fish out the culprit irrespective of the fact that he does not have anything to gain from it.â€Å"You seem to be a walking calendar of crime,†Ã‚   â€Å"You might start a paper on those lines. Call it the ‘Police News of the Past. †As he proceeds with the investigation, he keeps unfolding mystery. Firstly, with the help of a wedding ring found at the crime scene, which he advertised in the paper, he found out that the old woman, who came to claim the ring was only disguised as a woman but was indeed a ma n. But as he traces this woman, the woman escaped. Not much later, a police comes to inform Holmes of the arrest of the murderer and one would think that was all about the play, but Sir Arthur had more   plots up his sleeves.As the first detective was done, a second detective came to announce another similar murder, a proof that the murderer is still at large, that the first police had only jailed an innocent fellow. Holmes told both police that he had already solved the puzzle of the mystery killer, that it will only take short while before he apprehend the murderer.  He later fulfilled his promise by arresting the culprit, pretending to be going for a journey; he deceived the culprit to help him pack his luggage. As the cabman was packing these things, he brought out a handcuff and arrested him. After severe struggle with Holmes and his friends, the cabman realized he was caught and resigned to his fate as the first part of the play ends.

Mad

Mad I am pleased that the majority of letters printed in The Star reveal the sympathetic approach with regard to Hansie's trial. However, it is not really Hansie himself that I am concerned about. What appalls me is South Africa's feeble attempt to prove courageous and dignified to the rest of the cricket world.It is obvious that their South African condemnation and public humiliation of Hansie is merely an attempt to regain their worldly status which was lost during he apartheid years. Any evidence of the Australian heroes Mark Waugh and Shane Warne 'fixes' were immediately hidden from the media.Instead of devoting time and money to what has become a public spectacle, the situation should have been settled, away from the media. Hansie receiving a suspension, his captaincy removed, yet still being an asset to South Africa allowed to continue playing but with heavy restrictions. South Africa may have shown that they won't tolerate fraud, but as Rita Daly pointed out, the true crimes of mu rder and hijackings are ignored.Shane warne sketch

Sole proprietorship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sole proprietorship - Essay Example John and Christine are looking forward to carry on their practice as tax agents.They have the sufficient capital required to carry on the business as tax agents.The business structures available to carry on business as tax agents are sole proprietorship, partnership, company and trust. However, before selecting any structure for this business, the relative advantages and disadvantages of each are needed to be considered. FINDINGS: SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP: An entity where the person opening the business constitutes without any contract with others or incorporation of the entity. The person is solely responsible for all the debts and liabilities of the business. Advantages: It is the cheapest and easiest business structure. Sole proprietorship is under complete control of the person organizing it. Sole proprietor may retain and reinvest all the incomes of the business on its own motion. The payment of tax is easy and may flow directly to the tax return of the sole proprietor. The business may be dissolved easily. Disadvantages: The liability of sole proprietors is unlimited. So, the businesses as well as the personal assets of the sole proprietor are at risk. There are very limited sources available for the raising of funds as opposed to companies where fund raising is very high. PARTNERSHIP: An association/relationship of two or more persons to carry on a business for the purpose of earning profits is known as partnership. (Revised UPA, Section 101) Advantages: Partnerships are easier to establish as compared to companies. The two or more partners may increase funds more easily as compared to sole proprietorship. They may also have increased borrowing capacity. The pool of skills, knowledge and expertise is made wider due to the combination of more than one person. Partnerships also allow brainstorming which is more creative than the brainstorming carried out by sole proprietor. Disadvantages: Partners are liable for the actions of other partners as they act as agen ts for one another. The decisions between all partners are shared and this may cause disagreements which is the most drastic situation for a partnership. The liability of all the partners is unlimited.. However, this limitation may be overcome by constituting limited partnership. In limited partnership, the investments of the partners are liable for the debts of the firm and the partners’ personal assets are not liable. COMPANY: A company is a separate legal entity from its owners. So, the shareholders and members of the company are liable for the debts of the company only to the extent of their share/ interest in the company. The company which offers its shares to the general public for subscription is known as public company. The company which does not offer its shares to general public is known as private company. Advantages: The liability of the shareholders and/or members of the company are restricted to the value of shares purchased by him. The company is a separate leg al entity i.e. separate from its members. Therefore, any suit against the company does not involve the members personally as opposed to partnerships where the partners are personally got involved in the suits. In private limited companies, the shareholders and directors of the company are usually same person keeping the ownership and management of the company in same hands. Disadvantages: The formation of company is costly as compared to partnerships and may require large amount of capital initially. Whereas, partnership and sole proprietorship does not require any such large amounts. The accounts of companies are complex in nature. Moreover, the statutory regulations and the company law of the country require the companies to follow the regulations regarding bookkeeping and certain types of accounts. The raising of funds and capital by the companies is also restricted to the authorized capital of the company. Moreover, in case of a private company, the increasing of capital is also usually restricted by the provisions of the company law of

Organization Design 4370 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Organization Design 4370 - Assignment Example This way, the company ensures that the changes it seeks to undertake are well supported. The company has been involved in organizational restructuring. For example in the year 2005, the company was involved in change restructuring of its workforce, to reduce its number of employees by 330, 000. Such changes was aimed at reducing expenses, removing the bureaucracy involved in its management and enable it to expand its operations to low cost countries (Emerson, 81). Innovation has been the driving force for change, through its consistent involvement in research for new technologies and integrating such changes in the organization. People and corporate culture are the major obstacles for change within the organization. Having introduced a culture of recruiting employees every so often, the introduction of a change such as employees overhaul is blocked by people. The company has adopted a strategy for change, to reduce transformation and operational costs and maximize on the dedication of stakeholders to its change strategy (Emerson,

Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management - Assignment Example Managing performance is an ongoing activity that involves identification of performance measures, implementation of the performance management system, evaluation of performance outcomes and provision of feedback for improvement purposes (Kammerer, 2009). Importance of measures of organizational and managerial performance of Mid Staffordshire Hospital Trust Organisational performance measures assess how well the organisation contributes to the attainment of its vision, mission and strategic goals. Managerial performance measures focus on how well the management plans, organises and allocates limited resources in an efficient and effective manner towards the attainment of organisational goals (Kammerer, 2009). Measures of organisational and managerial performance are importance since they enable the organization to meet the demands of external accountability and foster strong sense of internal accountability. Measures of performance provide the basis of implementing organisational stra tegies through identifying the expected performance goals. The measures allow for collaboration through integrating the objectives of the organisation with the key performance indicators (Kammerer, 2009). ... The measures will enable Mid Staffordshire NHS hospital to improve communication with external stakeholders such as suppliers of medical equipment and government regulatory agencies. The measures of performance justify expenditure and costs in the organisation through ensuring cost-effectiveness and identifying the value for money committed towards improvement of organisational processes (Niven, 2005). Advantages and disadvantages of using balanced scorecard approach to organizational and managerial performance Balanced scorecard was developed by Robert Kaplan in early 1990s, but has certain advantages and disadvantages as a measure of both organizational and managerial performance. Balanced scorecard translates the mission and business strategy in to a comprehensive set of performance measures that cater for the overall organization. In addition, the performance measurement tool acts as a communication tool since it outlines the employee expectations and aims at ensuring periodic ev aluation of the performance standards (Christensen, 2008). According to Daft (2010), the tool integrates both short-term and long-term measures of performance and forms the basis of employee compensation. Ideally, balanced scorecard offers an advantage as performance management system since it breaks down strategic measures to the bottom level units such as department, clinical units, and individual staff within the organization. Balanced scorecard enhances creativity and innovation in the organisation through continuous learning and growth opportunities for the staff and improvement of the processes (Ginter, Duncan & Swayne, 2013). Lastly, the performance management tool leads to unique competitive advantage through improved decision-making and improved processes in the entire

Scholarship Essay Essay Example for Free

Scholarship Essay Essay I am always optimistic even as a high school senior that one day it can be done. It is going to defnitely take some time before our current leaders realize the need to embrace change and stop worthless politics of hunger for power and money. The community and the world around us have become hostile even to innocent human beings. People are increasingly becoming selfish and full of greed with the mind of amassing wealth in banks as they oppress the poor. I wish I had the power to act immediately and stop these scandalous behaviors which have become fatal. However, if I had the power to change the community and the world, I would target three things: poverty pattern, disease burden and leadership. First of all, as countries such the United States continues to experience some fast economic growth despite the difficulties at the same time, the gap between the poor and the rich continues to widen. There is poor income distribution among different classes of people. It is not surprising around the world to find some class of individuals who are 8.5 times richer than another class. Just because the records of poverty rate continue to increase every year, it does not mean a country should be considered a poor state. If income was evenly distributed, the communities around the world would be living in happiness. Poverty increases crime, diseases and mortality rates. All this have made some poor countries such as India, Turkey and places in Africa experience poor living standards. If I had the power to change the world, I would heavily tax the rich and use the revenues to feed, educate and provide healthcare to the poor to the entire world. Diseases continue to be a burden especially to the poor. Even the world scientists, policy makers and giant pharmaceutical companies have become overly influenced by worthless politics which benefit the rich. Today, most medicines developed target rich individuals who can afford to buy them. Since the poor have no money to afford even essential medicines, drug researchers have become biased in their effort to discover new medicines for the poor. The leading cause of deaths in some extremely poor places according to the World Health Organization is diarrhea which is as a result of having poor access to clean water. Malaria has also been blamed to cause deaths in countries such as Kenya, Thailand and Bangladesh. If I had the power to change things, I would command researchers, policy makers and governments to support R D for drugs which can treat these diseases of the poor. Finally, leadership is critical for economic growth of any country. Places like Turkey has always experienced challenges with its unstable currency, highly corrupt leaders and issues with human rights. This is because of poor leadership which has no point of figuring out on how to distribute wealth equally among all regions. Some areas are extremely poor and corrupt compared to other areas and the leaders still don’t seem to see any problem with such a state. Good leadership is to unite all people and share the resources in an equitable manner. If I had the power to change things, I would remove all corrupt leaders in power and prosecute them. As a motivation to honest leaders, I would reward them by publically awarding them with to higher ranks. This can reduce the problem of poor leadership.